DESAIN BANGUNAN DI INGGRIS

GOOGLE TRANSLATE

Arsitektur Inggris unik dengan gaya dan bentuknya sendiri. Struktur arsitektur mereka menggambarkan ciri-ciri khusus dari periode sejarah yang berbeda, dari abad ke-5 penaklukan Romawi, sepanjang Abad Kegelapan dan Renaisans yang pengaruhnya masih ada dalam warisan arsitektur Inggris.

Ada kastil, monumen, dan bangunan arsitektur lainnya di seluruh negeri dan banyak dari mereka saat ini diubah menjadi tempat wisata. Objek-objek ini berpadu sempurna dengan tren terkini dalam arsitektur modern.

Selama abad keenam, ada banyak gereja Anglo-Saxon yang dibangun di Inggris. Dengan invasi Normandia, ada sejumlah besar istana gaya Norman selama abad ke-11. Ada kastil Carrickfergus yang dibangun pada abad ke-12 di tepi Belfast Lough. Di ibukota Inggris, London ada bangunan Romawi pertama di Inggris, Westminster Abbey.

Antara abad ke-12 dan ke-16, sudah saatnya gaya Gotik membuat dampaknya pada arsitektur Inggris. Meskipun awalnya disalin dari Perancis, katedral gothic Inggris mengembangkan fitur unik mereka. Misalnya, ada Katedral Canterbury, dibangun pada 1174, diikuti oleh Katedral Wells dan Katedral Lincoln.

Di kedua sisi perbatasan Anglo-Skotlandia, masih ada sejumlah istana batu yang tersisa dari Perang Kemerdekaan Skotlandia selama abad ke-14. Banyak penemuan teknik yang dibuat kemudian pada Renaissance menyebabkan munculnya banyak gaya bangunan artistik baru.

Kastil-kastil tua juga memiliki proporsi warisan arsitektur di Inggris. Di antara banyak dari mereka, beberapa yang paling indah dan paling dikunjungi oleh wisatawan adalah Kastil Windsor, Kastil Edinburgh, Kastil Leeds, Kastil Alnwick, Kastil Cardiff, Kastil Bodiam, Kastil Stirling, Kastil Caernarfon, Kastil Warwick, Kastil Bamburgh dll.

BASED ON MY TRANSLATION

Gaya bangunan di Negara Inggris  unik dengan gaya dan bentuknya sendiri. Struktur arsitektur mereka menggambarkan sifat tertentu dari periode yang berbeda dari sejarah, dari abad ke-5 menaklukkan romawi sepanjang abad kegelapan dan renaissance yang dampaknya masih ada dalam warisan arsitektur di Inggris. Ada istana, monumen, arsitektur dan bangunan lain di seluruh negara dan banyak dari mereka yang saat ini berubah menjadi tempat wisata. Objek-objek ini dipadukan sempurna dengan tren terkini dalam arsitektur modern. Selama abad keenam, ada banyak anglo-saxon gereja gereja dibangun di inggris. Dengan invasi norman, ada sejumlah besar sentuhan gaya Norman di istana pada masa abad 11. Ada carrickfergus castle dibangun pada masa abad 12 di pantai Belfast Lough. Di ibukota Inggris, London ada bangunan pertama di inggris, romantik the westminster abbey. Antara abad ke 12 dan abad 16, sudah waktunya untuk gaya gothic untuk membuat dampaknya terhadap arsitektur Inggris. Walaupun meniru gaya dari Perancis, gereja di Inggris memiliki keunikannya sendiri. Misalnya, ada Katedral Canterbury, dibangun pada 1174, diikuti oleh Katedral Wells dan Katedral Lincoln. Pada kedua sisi perbatasan anglo-scottish, masih ada sejumlah istana batu yang ditinggalkan saat perang kemerdekaan skotlandia berlangsung. Selama abad ke-14, banyak teknik penemuan yang dibuat renaissance yang disebabkan muncul pada gaya artistik. Kastil-kastil tua juga memiliki nilai warisan arsitektur di Inggris. Di antara banyak dari mereka, beberapa yang paling indah dan paling sering dikunjungi oleh wisatawan adalah Kastil Windsor, Kastil Edinburgh, Kastil Leeds, Kastil Alnwick, Kastil Cardiff, Kastil Bodiam, Kastil Stirling, Kastil Caernarfon, Kastil Warwick, Kastil Bamburgh dll.

REASON WHY THE AUTHOR MORE CHOOSES USING UK WORDS IN THIS ARTICLE RATHER THAN USING ENGLISH OR BRITAIN

Maybe because the author wants to shorten his/her writing and the writer is comfortable and also used to using the word UK in his/her writing style to facilitate the reader and shorten the time.

P. B.ING BK Tugas 2

Choose the INCORRECT answer, then give the CORRECTION and EXPLANATION !

1.      Zoos in New Orleans, San Diego, Detroit, and the Bronx have become biological

A

parks where animals roams free and people watch from across a moat.

B                           C                                 D

2.      George has not completed the assignment yet,  and Maria hasn’t neither

A                                 B             C                             D

3.      Hanny enjoyed to be able to meet several Congress members during her vacation.

          A           B               C                                                        D

4.      No one would have attended the lecture if you told the truth about

      A                                       B         C

the guest speaker.

                  D

5.      Marie has registered for both the afternoon anthropology class as well as

             A                                                                                      B

the evening sociology lecture.

C               D

6.      Compact discs are affected neither by scratching and by dust.

       A       B                   C                    D

7.      Plastics used to make textiles can be drawn into fine threads, then woven or knit

    A                         B                     C          D

into fabrics.

8.      Henry David Thoreau stressed the importance in individuality and of living

       A                                                  B

in harmony with nature.

         C                  D

9.      The coach was depending for his team to win the game so that they would have a

    A                             B                       C

chance to play in the Super Bowl.

          D

10.  According to Freud, mental life is characterized by internal conflicts who are largely

                        A                                                         B                                              C             D

unconscious.

ANSWER

1.     C. Roams free

It should be roam free, because “animals” is plural.

2.      D. Hasn’t neither

It should be hasn’t either, because neither stands for not either so the “not” in hasn’t is not necessary.

3.      A. To be

It should be being, because the to be is change into being.

4.      B. Told

It should be had told, because the sentence is in “if” conditional type 3.

5.      D. Evening sociology lecture

It should be evening sociology class, because it is in parallel with antrhopology class.

6.      D. And

It should be nor, because it is paired with neither.

7.      D. Knit

It should be knitted, because it should be in past participle form.

8.      A. The importance in

It should be the importance of, because it is parallel form.

9.      A. Depending for

It should be depending on, because depend is a verb with preposition.

10.  C. Who

It should be which, because it refers to mental life.

P. B.ING BK Tugas 3

SOAL A:

3.Water  boil  at  212 degrees F, and freezes at 32 degrees F.

       A      B     C                                     D

The Answer: B

The Correct Answer: Boils

Reason: It should be boils because the context of the sentence is simple present tense, the form of simple present is s+v1+ s/es.

SOAL B:

4. Please give me  a few  coffee and some donuts  if you have any left.

A           B                              C                         D        

The Answer: B

The Correct Answer: Some

Reason: It should be some, not a few because some can be used for countable or uncountable noun.

SOAL C:

7. If Rudy would have studied  German in college, he wouldn’t have found the

         A                                 B 

scientific terminology so difficult to understand.

                             C                                          D

The Answer: A

The Correct Answer: Had Studied

Reason: because the pair of formula wouldn’t have passed is had + Verb 3.

P. B.ING BK Tugas 1

1. The Correct Answer : B. as reptiles
The Correct Sentence : as reptile
Reason : because the word ‘dinosaurs’ already explained it so many.

2. The Correct Answer : A. has their
The Correct Sentence : has its
Reason : the word ‘their’ is plural noun. But the sentence must be used singular noun.

3. The Correct Answer : A. controls by
The Correct Sentence : is controlled
Reason : the word ‘control’ must be used verb 2.

4. The Correct Answer : C. oregon islands
The Correct Sentence : Oregon Island
Reason : the word ‘island’ not use ‘s’, because the word no explained how much.

5. The Correct Answer : C. a first
The Correct Sentence : the first
Reason : because before the word ‘a’ not use to be.

6. The Correct Answer : B. and
The Correct sentence: Octopuses have not only large brains but also a well developed nervous system.
Reason: because the pair of 'not only that' is but.

7. The Correct Answer: C. losing weight
The Correct sentence: Symptoms of mild vitamin C deficiency may be weakness, irritability, weight loss, and apathy.
Reason: because losing weight is a verb so weight loss should be a noun.

8. The Correct Answer: C. popularity
The Correct sentence: Around 1750, electricity experiments became popular as entertainment at the court of the French King Louis XV.
Reason: because there are already subjects such as electricity and it is in the form of noun, popularity is also in the form of a noun and cannot complete the word electricity.

9. The Correct Answer: B. mistaken
The Correct sentence: In 1780, Italian scientist Luigi Galvani was mistaken concluded that frogs’ legs contain electricity.
Reason: because that sentence is passive so, it must plus to be "was".

10. The Correct Answer: C. forceful
The Correct sentence: Electricity produced by nature is called static electricity because it exerts a force When it is stationary
Reason: because after the article must be a noun.

TUGAS 6 : TYPES OF NEGOTIATION

Negotiation comes from the Latin neg (no) and otsia (leisure) referring to businessmen who, unlike the patricians, had no leisure time in their industriousness; it held the meaning of business (le négoce in French) until the 17th century when it took on the diplomatic connotation as a dialogue between two or more people or parties intended to reach a beneficial outcome over one or more issues where a conflict exists with respect to at least one of these issues.Thus, negotiation is a process of combining divergent positions into a joint agreement under a decision rule of unanimity.

It is aimed to resolve points of difference, to gain advantage for an individual or collective, or to craft outcomes to satisfy various interests. It is often conducted by putting forward a position and making concessions to achieve an agreement. The degree to which the negotiating parties trust each other to implement the negotiated solution is a major factor in determining whether negotiations are successful.

People negotiate daily, often without considering it a negotiation. Negotiation occurs in organizations, including businesses, non-profits, and within and between governments as well as in sales and legal proceedings, and in personal situations such as marriage, divorce, parenting, etc. Professional negotiators are often specialized, such as union negotiators, leverage buyout negotiators, peace negotiator, or hostage negotiators. They may also work under other titles, such as diplomats, legislators, or brokers.

Negotiations should all be win-win. After all, why shouldn't everyone win?

There are 7 types of negotiations. It's important to consider which type you're facing — each demands a different strategy.

1.     1.Win-Lose Negotiations

In game theory they call a win-lose negotiation a zero-sum game.

The vast majority of games are zero-sum.

A common analogy for a zero-sum game is dividing a pie. The pie doesn't get smaller or bigger — the players play a game to decide who gets the bigger slice.

If you're facing a win-lose negotiation focus your strategy on determining the other party's minimum requirements (e.g. bottom price).

2. Win-Win Negotiations

Win-win negotiations involve expanding the pie. For example, if two people decide to go into business together: their partnership negotiations are win-win.

One partner may win and the other may lose. However, a win-win outcome is possible because they hope to make money on their investment (expand the pie).

Salary negotiations and business-to-business sales can usually be considered win-win.

Win-win negotiations may be just as focused on building a bigger pie as dividing the pie fairly. Every effort should be made to keep negotiations friendly and constructive.

3. Lose-Lose

Lose-Lose negotiations involve a situation in which everyone is going to lose.

Lawsuits are often lose-lose.

Let's say you leave your jacket at a restaurant coat-check and they lose it. Your negotiations for compensation with the restaurant's manager are lose-lose. Your not likely to get more money than the coat was worth. The restaurant also loses.

Lose-lose negotiations can quickly turn bitter and adversarial. Despite the fact that both parties will lose it's important to try to maintain a collaborative approach.

4. Adversarial Negotiations

Adversarial negotiations are highly competitive in nature.

Win-lose and lose-lose negotiations are most likely to be adversarial. Nobody wants to lose, this tends to drive intense competition.

In some cases, win-win negotiations are also adversarial. For example, high stakes business-to-business sales negotiations often become adversarial (customer vs seller).

In extreme cases, negotiations are adversarial because the parties involved intensely dislike each other. In such cases, negotiators may not be interested in winning. Instead, they may seek to maximize the losses of the other party. Negotiations between political rivals may turn destructive in this way.

Adversarial negotiations require battle strategies.

5. Collaborative Negotiations

Collaborative negotiations are creative and friendly. For example, business partnership negotiations are often collaborative. Win-win negotiations that are expected to yield big wins tend to be collaborative.

Collaborative negotiations rely on persuasive techniques, optimism and creativity.

6. Multi-Party Negotiations

Multi-Party negotiations are complex negotiations between two or more parties. They can be extremely challenging and may take years to complete.

International treaties between nations are often multi-party.

Multi-party negotiations require advanced diplomatic techniques.

7. Bad Faith Negotiation

Bad faith negotiation occurs when a party makes commitments that they have no intention of keeping.

Bad faith negotiation is often used as a delay or diversionary tactic. For example, a country may sign an environmental treaty with no intention of implementing it just to relieve political pressure from its citizens.

If you suspect that the other side is negotiating in bad faith, it's time to start thinking about penalties in your agreement.

TUGAS 5 : BUSINESS: ASKING FOR OPINION

  Sometimes we can be very direct with our opinion and it won’t upset the other person. However, more often than not we need to be careful how we share our thoughts so as not to offend or hurt the other person’s feelings. This can be especially true in business where cultural differences can have a detrimental effect on business dealings.

     The British are especially careful when giving their opinion (in business, that is). They often don’t want to cause offence and consequently, will start their sentences using certain expressions to soften the blow. A number of my clients have said that the British are very polite and considerate in their dealings with colleagues and clients. So much so, that the British way of doing business is often admired.

      In this post, I’d like to share with your some common expressions we have of giving one’s opinion. I have used Liz Potter’s excellent article for Macmillan Dictionary’s blog as the main structure and made some changes to it.

1. I think

This is the most common and general way of giving an opinion. You can use it both informally and formally

 I think if you offer a consistently good service to your clients, they will keep coming back to you.

2. I reckon

This is a more informal way of giving your opinion:

I reckon it will be much faster to get to London by train.

3. In my opinion (4) In my view:

These expressions are more formal and are often used when talking about important issues

In my view, they made a huge mistake in not selling the company when they had the chance.

In my opinion, the Bank of England should not raise interest rates this year.

5. It seems to me 

6.All things considered:

When you’ve thought about a situation carefully you could use either of these two expressions

It seems to me that they are spending more money than they need to to attract new talent into the company.

All things considered, I think we made a wise choice in recruiting James.

7. If you ask me

This is used when your opinion is critical. Sometimes, people say this even when their opinion hasn’t been asked for! – “If you ask me,…..” “But I didn’t ask you….!”

If you ask me, she has spoilt her children far too much.

8. To be honest (9) To tell you the truth (10) To be frank

All three expressions are a way of giving your opinion when you know that people may not like what you have to say

To tell you the truth, your father was right when he said that you undersold the company.

To be honest, I preferred it when you were blonde.

To be frank, I thought her acting was simply terrible.

11. Frankly speaking

You would use this expression to give your opinion in a more familiar and forthright way.

Frankly speaking, I don’t know what she sees in him.

12. Personally

This is used to emphasize that you are giving your own opinion

Personally, I think the CEO should apologize for his appalling behaviour at the shareholders’ meeting.

TUGAS 4 : STRUCTURE & DECISION MAKING

  Business organizational structures came about to simplify decision-making. The typical organization chart depicts a hierarchy of authority starting with the chairman, CEO and other executive officers at the top because the executive officers set the goals and direction of the company. Supporting layers of managers under the executive level are tasked with applying these goals to their areas of responsibility or departments, which are arranged in order of appropriate information flow from management.

History

The concept of studying and using organizational structure to improve on enterprise performance dates back to the late 19th century and the writings of sociologist and engineer Max Weber, who examined the dependence of capitalism upon bureaucracy. During the early 20th century, companies used organizational structure to enhance performance by creating specialization within the company and departmental authorities who managed those specialized areas. Henry Ford developed his assembly line production methods as a result of the then-groundbreaking theories of organizational structure.

Function

Each specialized unit is managed by its own decision maker, who theoretically is best able to understand the needs and problems of that particular unit. This allows a consolidation of performance information in the managerial level where the executive level may access only the most pertinent information for goal and directional purposes. This filters out the details of company operations and feeds only the results of operations up the ladder to the executives and board of directors.

Significance

An organizational structure that divides the operations of a company into specialized departments empowers the managers of those departments to deal with problems and create efficiencies of process and production that are customized to their particular departments. It also creates a corporate management level where enterprise knowledge is developed, tested and preserved for the future efficient operation of the department, as well as easy accessibility by those in higher management charged with enterprise planning.

Benefits

A filtered flow of information from the production level of an enterprise allows executive management to focus on the goals of the company and compare the production and administration performance with their intended corporate direction. This assists their decision making by focusing on intended results rather than the detailed process of individual management of departmental operations.

Considerations

No organizational structure works unless the flow of information works. The purpose of organizational structure is to distribute the decisions of executive management down through administrative levels where the managers interpret those decisions and put them into practice. It also creates a way for managers to send feedback and performance information up the line to assist in future executive decisions. If the line of communication in either direction does not operate, the system breaks down.